A篇 · 文学导论课评分政策（21-23 题）
应用文（课程评分政策）· 结构：Grading Scale 等级线 → Essays 60% → Group Assignments 30% → Daily Work 10% → Late Work 迟交规则
先看成果
本篇 3 题答案：21. C 22. B 23. A
3 题全部细节。应用文的钥匙是「栏目」：21 看整体——等级线 + 三大板块 + 迟交政策 = 面向学生的课程说明（course plan）；22 数三个带百分比的栏目标题（Essays 60% / Group Assignments 30% / Daily Work 10% = three parts）；23 锚定 Late Work 栏——"第 4 天之后交 = 零分"，一周早已过线。
第 1 步成果 · 题型判定
| 题号 | 题干（判定信号） | 判定结论 |
|---|
| 21 | Where is this text probably taken from? | 细节 Where taken from → 整体判断文体（栏目结构 + Blackboard 系统说明） |
| 22 | How many parts is a student's final grade made up of? | 细节 How many parts → 数带百分比的栏目标题 |
| 23 | What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date? | 细节 What will happen → 锚定 Late Work 栏规则句 |
第 2 步成果 · 原文锚定
Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature21
Grading Scale
90-100, A; 80-89, B; 70-79, C; 60-69, D; Below 60, E.
Essays (60%)
Your four major essays will combine to form the main part of the grade for this course: Essay 1 = 10%; Essay 2 = 15%; Essay 3 = 15%; Essay 4 = 20%.
Group Assignments (30%)
Students will work in groups to complete four assignments (作业) during the course. All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.21
Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%)
Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class. Additionally, from time to time I will assign group work to be completed in class or short assignments to be completed at home, both of which will be graded.
Late Work
An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late.23 If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero.23 Daily assignments not completed during class will get a zero. Short writings missed as a result of an excused absence will be accepted.
| 题号 | 锚定段 | 锚定句关键 | 找原文动作 |
|---|
| 21 | 全文 | 标题 "Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature" + 等级线 + 三大板块 + Blackboard 系统说明 | 细节题 → 整体判断文体（课程文档） |
| 22 | 三个栏目标题 | Essays (60%) + Group Assignments (30%) + Daily Work... (10%)，合计 100% | 细节题 → 数百分比板块 |
| 23 | Late Work 栏 | "lose a letter grade for each class period it is late" + "If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero" | 细节题 → 锚定迟交规则句，一周 vs 4 天线 |
第 3 步成果 · 长难句攻关
| 题号 | 句长 > 20 词 | ≥ 2 层嵌套 | 与题相关 | 结论 |
|---|
| 21 | 否（19 词；同位语结构） | 否（Blackboard 同位语，无从句） | 是 | ❌ 跳过（句库仍收录精读） |
| 22 | 是（43 词） | 否（but 并列 + 单一 so 结果从句） | 是 | ❌ 跳过（句库仍收录精读） |
| 23 | 是（22 词） | 否（单一省略 that 定语从句 period it is late） | 是 | ❌ 跳过（句库仍收录精读） |
原句（21 题语境句 · 句库精读句）：All the assignments will be submitted by the assigned date through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system.
框架：此句 19 词、无从句，按 AND 口径跳过、句库仍收录精读："All... will be submitted by... through..."——被动语态链（谁交、何时交、经何渠道交）；"Blackboard, our online learning and course management system"——名词 + 同位语（Blackboard 是什么）
主干（砍完留的）：All the assignments will be submitted through Blackboard.
推出：提交方式都要挂在"在线学习与课程管理系统"上——这是典型的课程管理文档口吻（第 21 题 course plan 的佐证之一）。
原句（22 题语境句 · 句库精读句）：Class activities will vary from day to day, but students must be ready to complete short in-class writings or tests drawn directly from assigned readings or notes from the previous class' lecture/discussion, so it is important to take careful notes during class.
框架：此句 43 词但只有一处 so 结果从句（but 并列分句 + 分词后置），按 AND 口径跳过、句库仍收录精读："but"——转折并列（活动虽变、要求不变）；"drawn directly from assigned readings or notes"——过去分词后置（测验内容从哪来）；"so it is important to take careful notes"——so 结果从句（所以要记好笔记）
主干（砍完留的）：Class activities will vary, but students must be ready to complete writings or tests.
推出：日常测验直接来自指定阅读与上节课笔记——这就是 10% Daily Work 板块的运作方式（第 22 题"第三部分"的内容底色）。
原句（23 题锚定 · 句库精读句）：An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late.
框架：此句 22 词、只有一处省略 that 的定语从句，按 AND 口径跳过、句库仍收录精读："not submitted in class on the due date"——否定分词后置定语（什么样的文章）；"each class period it is late"——period 后省略 that 的定语从句（每迟一个课时）
主干（砍完留的）：An essay will lose a letter grade.
推出：每迟一个课时掉一档（A→B→C……）——而下一句划死线："第 4 天之后 = 零分"，一周远超 4 天线（第 23 题答案的来源）。
长难句精读（长难句中心 第52、53、54句——想深挖本篇句子再看，不看不影响做题）
第 4 步成果 · 逐题解题 + 防坑
21. Where is this text probably taken from? [C. A course plan]
解题：整体看文体特征：标题 "Grading Policies for Introduction to Literature"（一门课的成绩政策）+ 等级线 + 三大计分板块 + 迟交规则 + "through Blackboard, our online learning and course management system"——全是面向学生的课程管理文档要素 → course plan（课程计划/说明）。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AA textbook——教科书有课文正文和讲解，本文通篇是"怎么算分、怎么交作业"的规则，没有教学内容
- BAn exam paper——没有题目和作答区，是给"出题人"的反向文档：评分规则说明
- C【正确答案】一门课的成绩政策说明 = 课程计划文档
- DAn academic article——学术论文有引用与论证，本文是条目式规则，学术味只在课名上
22. How many parts is a student's final grade made up of? [B. Three]
解题：数带百分比的栏目标题：Essays (60%) + Group Assignments (30%) + Daily Work/In-Class Writings and Tests/Group Work/Homework (10%) = 100%，三个部分。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- ATwo——漏数了 10% 的 Daily Work 板块
- B【正确答案】60% + 30% + 10% = 三个部分，恰好 100%
- CFour——"four major essays"（四篇大作文）是 Essays 板块内部的文章数，不是"部分"数
- DFive——把 Grading Scale、Late Work 等不参与计分的栏目也算进去了，那些是规则不是"成绩构成"
23. What will happen if you submit an essay one week after the due date? [A. You will receive a zero]
解题：锚定 Late Work 栏："An essay not submitted in class on the due date will lose a letter grade for each class period it is late. If it is not turned in by the 4th day after the due date, it will earn a zero."——迟交一天扣一档只适用于 4 天以内；一周（7 天）远超"第 4 天"的死线 → 零分。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- A【正确答案】一周 > 4 天线 → earn a zero
- BYou will lose a letter grade——"每迟一个课时掉一档"只覆盖 4 天以内的迟交，一周已越过死线，B 是半途规则
- CYou will be given a test——迟交文章和补考是两码事，原文无此规则
- DYou will have to rewrite it——没有"重写"的处罚条款
B篇 · 食物浪费（24-27 题）
报刊专栏（封面故事节选）· 结构：arugula 个人轶事引入 → 世界层面的浪费现状（Royte 观点）→ 环境代价 → DC Central Kitchen 的回收方案 → 每个人的行动建议
先看成果
本篇 4 题答案：24. B 25. B 26. D 27. A
24 是例证题——arugula 故事只为证明"我们常常无意间浪费食物"（unthinkingly）；25/26/27 全是细节题——25 锚第三段 "That makes food waste an environmental problem"；26 锚第四段 "recovers food and turns it into healthy meals"；27 锚末段 "not purchasing more food than necessary"。
第 1 步成果 · 题型判定
| 题号 | 题干（判定信号） | 判定结论 |
|---|
| 24 | What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? | 例证 want to show by telling → 故事服务于观点（先找观点再验证） |
| 25 | What is a consequence of food waste according to the text? | 细节 a consequence → 锚"后果"段落（第三段） |
| 26 | What does Curtin's company do? | 细节 company do → 锚公司职能句（第四段） |
| 27 | What does Curtin suggest people do? | 细节 suggest → 锚人物建议原话（末段引语） |
第 2 步成果 · 原文锚定
Like most of us, I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste. The arugula (芝麻菜) was to make a nice green salad, rounding out a roast chicken dinner. But I ended up working late. Then friends called with a dinner invitation. I stuck the chicken in the freezer. But as days passed, the arugula went bad. Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much; I could have made six salads with what I threw out.24
In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story.25 It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from "ugly" (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem.25 In fact, Royte writes, "if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world."
If that's hard to understand, let's keep it as simple as the arugula at the back of my refrigerator. Mike Curtin sees my arugula story all the time — but for him, it's more like 12 boxes of donated strawberries nearing their last days. Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals.26 Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields. And the strawberries? Volunteers will wash, cut, and freeze or dry them for use in meals down the road.
Such methods seem obvious, yet so often we just don't think. "Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat,"27 Curtin says.
| 题号 | 锚定段 | 锚定句关键 | 找原文动作 |
|---|
| 24 | 段 1 | "Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much"——本来想好好安排一顿饭，结果无心浪费 | 例证题 → 故事细节（加班/赴约/菜放坏/买太多）指向"无意间的浪费" |
| 25 | 段 3 | "That makes food waste an environmental problem" + "the third largest producer of greenhouse gases" | 细节题 → 后果定位：浪费的是水、燃料等资源 |
| 26 | 段 4 | "Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen..., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals" | 细节题 → 公司职能句（which 从句） |
| 27 | 段 5 | "by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping" | 细节题 → 建议第一条（买多少吃多少） |
第 3 步成果 · 长难句攻关
| 题号 | 句长 > 20 词 | ≥ 2 层嵌套 | 与题相关 | 结论 |
|---|
| 24 | 否（段 1 关键句 20 词，未过线） | 否（what I threw out 单一宾从） | 是 | ❌ 跳过 |
| 25 | 是（28 词） | 是（where 定语从句 + as 非限定从） | 是 | ✅ 攻关 |
| 26 | 是（24 词） | 否（单一 that 定语从句） | 是 | ❌ 跳过（句库仍收录精读） |
| 27 | 是（33 词） | 否（whether by...or by... 并列介词 + 单一省略定从） | 是 | ❌ 跳过 |
原句（25 题语境句 · AND 攻关句）：In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry, "food waste goes against the moral grain," as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story.
砍枝："In a world where nearly 800 million people a year go hungry"——where 定语从句（在一个人人挨饿的世界里）；"as Elizabeth Royte writes in this month's cover story"——as 引导的非限制性定语从句（正如 Royte 在封面故事中所写）——两处从句都是"背景板"
主干（砍完留的）：Food waste goes against the moral grain.
推出：一边是 8 亿人挨饿、一边是好食物成吨被扔——这组道德张力是全文论证的起点，也是作者讲 arugula 故事想衬托的大背景。
原句（25 题语境句 · 句库精读句）：It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away — from "ugly" (but quite eatable) vegetables rejected by grocers to large amounts of uneaten dishes thrown into restaurant garbage cans.
框架：此句只有一层主语从句嵌套，按 AND 口径跳过、句库仍收录精读："It's jaw-dropping how much..."——it 形式主语，真正主语是 how much 引导的主语从句；"rejected by grocers" / "thrown into restaurant garbage cans"——两个过去分词短语后置（被扔掉的都是什么）；"from...to..."——列举浪费发生的两个环节
主干（砍完留的）：It's jaw-dropping how much perfectly good food is thrown away.
推出：从"被拒收的丑蔬菜"到"整桶倒掉的好菜"——浪费发生在产业链每个环节，这就是 25 题环境后果的铺垫。
原句（26 题锚定 · 句库精读句）：Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food by taking donations and collecting blemished (有瑕疵的) produce that otherwise would have rotted in fields.
框架：此句只有单一 that 定语从句，按 AND 口径跳过、句库仍收录精读："by taking donations and collecting..."——by 动名词短语（靠什么方式回收）；"that otherwise would have rotted in fields"——that 定语从句（否则会烂在地里的农产品）；"would have rotted"——虚拟语气（回收了，所以没烂）
主干（砍完留的）：Last year it recovered more than 807,500 pounds of food.
推出：回收 → 健康餐食（it = DC Central Kitchen）——这就是 26 题 D 项 "makes meals out of unwanted food" 的原文出处。
长难句精读（长难句中心 第55、56句——想深挖本篇句子再看，不看不影响做题）
第 4 步成果 · 逐题解题 + 防坑
24. What does the author want to show by telling the arugula story? [B. We waste food unintentionally at times]
解题：读故事的"走向"：本来想好好做一顿沙拉配烤鸡（try to be mindful）→ 加班、临时赴约、菜放坏，"Even worse, I had unthinkingly bought way too much"——作者并非有意浪费，而是一次次无心之失。故事证明的观点 = 我们有时会无意间浪费食物。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AWe pay little attention to food waste——过头了：开头明说 "I try to be mindful of food that goes to waste"，作者是留心的人，只是偶尔失手
- B【正确答案】unthinkingly 买太多 + 一连串意外 = 无意间的浪费
- CWe waste more vegetables than meat——全文没有蔬菜与肉的浪费量对比
- DWe have good reasons for wasting food——恰恰相反：加班、赴约都是小事，作者自责"could have made six salads"，不认为有正当理由
25. What is a consequence of food waste according to the text? [B. Environmental harm]
解题：consequence（后果）→ 锚第三段："Producing food that no one eats wastes the water, fuel, and other resources used to grow it. That makes food waste an environmental problem." 还有量化佐证："if food waste were a country, it would be the third largest producer of greenhouse gases in the world."
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AMoral decline——第二段确有"违背道德"的说法，但那是"定性"不是本文明说的"后果"；题目问 according to the text 的 consequence，原文直接给的是 environmental problem
- B【正确答案】浪费水、燃料等资源 + 温室气体第三大"排放国" = 环境危害
- CEnergy shortage——浪费燃料 ≠ 全球能源短缺，原文没有推到"短缺"这一步
- DWorldwide starvation——"800 million people a year go hungry" 是世界的背景（第二段开头），不是食物浪费造成的结论，因果倒置的陷阱
26. What does Curtin's company do? [D. It makes meals out of unwanted food]
解题：锚第四段职能句："Curtin is CEO of DC Central Kitchen in Washington, D.C., which recovers food and turns it into healthy meals"——回收本会被扔掉的食物（donations + blemished produce），做成健康餐食。down the road 一句再佐证：志愿者把草莓洗、切、冻干后用于备餐。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AIt produces kitchen equipment——"Kitchen"在公司名里，是"中央厨房"不是厨具厂；公司做的是餐食
- BIt turns rotten arugula into clean fuel——张冠李戴：变燃料无中生有，arugula 是作者自己的故事
- CIt helps local farmers grow fruits——方向反了：公司回收农民种出的瑕疵农产品，不是帮种植
- D【正确答案】recovers food → turns it into healthy meals = 用没人要的食物做餐食
27. What does Curtin suggest people do? [A. Buy only what is needed]
解题：锚末段建议原话："Everyone can play a part in reducing waste, whether by not purchasing more food than necessary in your weekly shopping or by asking restaurants to not include the side dish you won't eat"——第一条就是"别买超过所需"。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- A【正确答案】not purchasing more food than necessary = 只买所需的量
- BReduce food consumption——偷换概念：建议是"少买"不是"少吃"；减少进食量反而不健康
- CGo shopping once a week——"weekly shopping" 只是描述购物场景，不是"一周只逛一次"的建议
- DEat in restaurants less often——方向反了：对餐厅的建议是"别上你不吃的配菜"，不是少下馆子
C篇 · 养老院养鸡项目（28-31 题）
新闻报道 · 结构：项目内容（发母鸡防孤独）→ 目的与附加疗效 → 参与者 Ruth 的体验 → 项目规模与推广 → 两位管理者的评价
先看成果
本篇 4 题答案：28. D 29. B 30. C 31. A
28 细节（目的锚第二段 to reduce loneliness and improve wellbeing）；29 推断（Ruth 的"有用感"→ 成就感）；30 猜词（embark on = 开始，看前后搭配 one of the first）；31 推断（末两段"欢迎/乐意参加"→ 广受欢迎）。
第 1 步成果 · 题型判定
| 题号 | 题干（判定信号） | 判定结论 |
|---|
| 28 | What is the purpose of the project? | 细节 the purpose → 锁"目的"句（to do 不定式） |
| 29 | How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? | 推断 affected → 从人物话语推心态变化 |
| 30 | What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7? | 猜词 下划线词义 → 看搭配 + 上下文方向 |
| 31 | What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? | 推断 learn about → 末两段评价合成结论 |
第 2 步成果 · 原文锚定
The elderly residents (居民) in care homes in London are being given hens to look after to stop them feeling lonely.
The project was dreamed up by a local charity (慈善组织) to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing.28 It is also being used to help patients suffering dementia, a serious illness of the mind. Staff in care homes have reported a reduction in the use of medicine where hens are in use.
Among those taking part in the project is 80-year-old Ruth Xavier. She said: "I used to keep hens when I was younger and had to prepare their breakfast each morning before I went to school.
"I like the project a lot. I am down there in my wheelchair in the morning letting the hens out and down there again at night to see they've gone to bed.
"It's good to have a different focus. People have been bringing their children in to see the hens and residents come and sit outside to watch them. I'm enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful.29"
There are now 700 elderly people looking after hens in 20 care homes in the North East, and the charity has been given financial support to roll it out countrywide.
Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project30, said: "Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here."
Lynn Lewis, director of Notting Hill Pathways, said: "We are happy to be taking part in the project.31 It will really help connect our residents through a shared interest and creative activities."
| 题号 | 锚定段 | 锚定句关键 | 找原文动作 |
|---|
| 28 | 段 2 | "dreamed up by a local charity to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing" | 细节题 → to do 不定式即目的 |
| 29 | 段 5（Ruth 引语） | "it feels great to have done something useful" + "I'm enjoying the creative activities" | 推断题 → 人物话语合成心态 |
| 30 | 段 7 | "one of the first to embark on the project"——"第一批……的养老院之一" | 猜词 → 与 first 搭配的动作只能是"开始/开展" |
| 31 | 段 7-8 | "Residents really welcome the idea" + "We are happy to be taking part" | 推断题 → 两处评价词合成 |
第 3 步成果 · 长难句攻关
| 题号 | 句长 > 20 词 | ≥ 2 层嵌套 | 与题相关 | 结论 |
|---|
| 28 | 否（17 词） | 否（被动 + 不定式，无从句） | 是 | ❌ 跳过 |
| 29 | 是（26 词） | 否（分词 + to see 单一宾从） | 是 | ❌ 跳过 |
| 30 | 是（31 词） | 否（同位语堆叠 + 单一省略 that 定从） | 是 | ❌ 跳过 |
| 31 | 否（两句均 < 20 词） | 否 | 是 | ❌ 跳过 |
本篇攻关块为零：按 AND 口径（>20 词 + ≥2 层嵌套 + 与题相关，三条件全中）逐句扫描，本篇无一达标；长难句句库也未收录本篇句子。本篇句子普遍短平快，考点全在「第 2 步锚定 + 第 4 步排除」——四步法照常走，只是第 3 步空过。
第 4 步成果 · 逐题解题 + 防坑
28. What is the purpose of the project? [D. To promote the elderly people's welfare]
解题：锚第二段目的句："The project was dreamed up by a local charity to reduce loneliness and improve elderly people's wellbeing"——减少孤独 + 提升老人福祉，附加价值是帮助痴呆患者、降低用药量。promote welfare 是原文 improve wellbeing 的同义改写。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- ATo ensure harmony in care homes——"和谐"没有依据；文中"连接居民"是手段，不是项目目的的原文表述
- BTo provide part-time jobs for the aged——照顾母鸡是兴趣活动，不是给老人提供工作
- CTo raise money for medical research——无中生有；慈善组织拨款资助的是养鸡项目本身（financial support to roll it out）
- D【正确答案】reduce loneliness + improve wellbeing = 促进老人福祉
29. How has the project affected Ruth Xavier? [B. She has gained a sense of achievement]
解题：读 Ruth 的三段引语，看心态关键词："I like the project a lot" → "It's good to have a different focus" → "I'm enjoying the creative activities, and it feels great to have done something useful"——从"有事可做"到"做了有用之事"的成就感。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AShe has learned new life skills——她小时候就养过鸡（I used to keep hens when I was younger），照看母鸡对她不是新技能
- B【正确答案】"it feels great to have done something useful" = 获得成就感
- CShe has recovered her memory——张冠李戴：项目帮助的痴呆患者另有其人，Ruth 只是普通参与者
- DShe has developed a strong personality——"性格变强"无从谈起，引语谈的是心态与价值感
30. What do the underlined words "embark on" mean in paragraph 7? [C. Begin]
解题：看搭配："60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project"——能与"第一批（one of the first）"搭配的动作，只有"开始/率先开展"；再验证方向：Wendy 说"我们期待项目带来的益处和乐趣"（looking forward to the benefits）——期待未来收益，说明项目刚起步，begin 成立。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AImprove——"改进"要求项目已在运行且要改什么，与 one of the first 的"首批"语义冲突
- BOppose——方向反了：Wendy 整段都在欢迎项目（really welcome）
- C【正确答案】one of the first to begin the project = 第一批开展的养老院之一
- DEvaluate——评估不是 one of the first 能搭配的动作；且文中评估来自研究者与员工报告，不是她
31. What can we learn about the project from the last two paragraphs? [A. It is well received]
解题：末两段各取一个评价信号：Wendy Wilson——"Residents really welcome the idea of the project"；Lynn Lewis——"We are happy to be taking part in the project"——居民欢迎 + 机构乐意，项目广受欢迎；规模佐证：700 位老人、20 家养老院、将推向全国。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- A【正确答案】welcome + happy to take part = well received
- BIt needs to be more creative——偷换：原文说居民欢迎"the idea and the creative sessions"（已有的创意活动），不是"需要更有创意"
- CIt is highly profitable——financial support 是给慈善组织的资助拨款，跟"盈利"是两码事
- DIt takes ages to see the results——"looking forward to the benefits"只是表达期待，推不出"要很久才见效"；员工已报告用药量下降
D篇 · 语音研究：饮食改变人类语音（32-35 题）
科研说明文 · 结构：提出问题（为何某些音更常见）→ Hockett 30 年前的观察 → Blasi 团队的发现（咬合变化使唇齿音易发）→ 与农业发展的关联 → 数据库验证 → 推翻"语音一成不变"的旧观点
先看成果
本篇 4 题答案：32. D 33. C 34. A 35. C
32 细节（研究焦点：饮食→咬合→新语音，全是"发展变化"）；33 细节（古成人牙齿对齐→唇齿音难发→咬合结构不便）；34 段落主旨（第 5 段=语言数据库验证=支持性证据）；35 观点推断（Moran：语音系统 = 生物变化 × 文化演化的复杂互动）。
第 1 步成果 · 题型判定
| 题号 | 题干（判定信号） | 判定结论 |
|---|
| 32 | Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on? | 细节 which aspect → 锁研究焦点句（首段末句 + 第二段末句） |
| 33 | Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? | 细节 Why difficult → 锁第三段原因句 |
| 34 | What is paragraph 5 mainly about? | 段落主旨 mainly about → 段内高频动作合成段意 |
| 35 | What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? | 观点推断 Moran say → 锁末段引语 |
第 2 步成果 · 原文锚定
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common "m" and "a" to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others? A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.32
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.32
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals33, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn't have to do as much work and so didn't grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.34 These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.
This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beings evolved around 300,000 years ago. "The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,"35 said Steven Moran, a member of the research team.
| 题号 | 锚定段 | 锚定句关键 | 找原文动作 |
|---|
| 32 | 段 1-2 | "diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds" + "has found how and why this trend arose" | 细节题 → 研究焦点 = 语音如何随咬合/饮食变化 |
| 33 | 段 3 | "front teeth were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals" | 细节题 → 原因句（牙齿对齐的结构问题） |
| 34 | 段 5 | "Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change" | 段落主旨 → 段内动作 = 用数据库验证前文结论 |
| 35 | 段 6 | "has not necessarily remained stable... is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution" | 观点推断 → 引语核心 = 复杂因素的互动 |
第 3 步成果 · 长难句攻关
| 题号 | 句长 > 20 词 | ≥ 2 层嵌套 | 与题相关 | 结论 |
|---|
| 32 | 是（25 词） | 是（shows that 宾从内嵌 that 定从） | 是 | ✅ 攻关（#57） |
| 33 | 是（33 词） | 是（discovered that 宾从 + which 非限定从） | 是 | ✅ 攻关（#59） |
| 34 | 是（38 词） | 否（confirmed that 单层，with 复合结构不是从句） | 是 | ❌ 跳过（句库仍收录精读） |
| 35 | 是（45 词） | 是（but 并列两分句，各嵌一个定语从句） | 是 | ✅ 攻关（#61） |
原句（32 题锚定 · AND 攻关句 · 句库第57句）：A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world's languages.
砍枝："A ground-breaking, five-year"——两个前置定语（什么研究）；"shows that diet-related changes... led to new speech sounds"——shows that 宾语从句（研究发现了什么）；"that are now found in half the world's languages"——that 定语从句嵌在宾从里，修饰 new speech sounds（这些新音现在的分布）
主干（砍完留的）：A study shows that changes in bite led to new speech sounds.
推出：饮食 → 咬合 → 新语音 → 半数语言——"变化导致新音出现"就是研究焦点（32 题选 development 的依据）。
原句（32 题语境句 · AND 攻关句 · 句库第58句）：More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as "f" and "v", were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.
砍枝："More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett"——时间状语 + 人名同位语；"noted that speech sounds... were more common in the languages of societies"——noted that 宾语从句（观察到什么）；"called labiodentals, such as 'f' and 'v'"——过去分词后置定语（什么叫 labiodentals）；"that ate softer foods"——that 定语从句嵌在宾从里，修饰 societies（什么样的社会）
主干（砍完留的）：Hockett noted that speech sounds were more common in the languages of societies.
推出：软食社会更多 f/v 音——30 年前的观察正是本研究的起点，33 题"咬合结构"的答案线在此埋下。
原句（33 题锚定 · AND 攻关句 · 句库第59句）：They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip (嘴唇) to the upper teeth.
砍枝："discovered that the upper and lower front teeth... were aligned"——discovered that 宾语从句（发现了什么）；"making it hard to produce labiodentals"——现在分词作结果状语（牙对齐 → 唇齿音难发）；"which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth"——which 非限制性定语从句（顺带解释唇齿音怎么发）
主干（砍完留的）：They discovered that the front teeth were aligned.
推出：古成人上下门牙对齐 → 唇齿音难发——这就是 33 题选 C（咬合结构不便）的原文依据。
原句（34 题锚定 · 句库精读句 · 第60句）：Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of "f" and "v" increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years.
框架：此句 38 词但只有 confirmed that 一层从句，按 AND 口径跳过、句库仍收录精读："Analyses of a language database"——主语（谁做的分析）；"with the use of 'f' and 'v' increasing remarkably"——with 复合结构（独立主格：伴随"f/v 使用量显著上升"）；"during the last few thousand years"——时间状语
主干（砍完留的）：Analyses confirmed that there was a global change.
推出：数据库分析"验证"了前文结论——第 5 段的段意就是"支持研究结果的证据"（34 题选 A 的出处）。
原句（35 题锚定 · AND 攻关句 · 句库第61句）：The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings, but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution.
砍枝：全句由 "but rather" 并列两个分句：分句一 "The set of speech sounds (that) we use has not necessarily remained stable"（省略 that 定语从句）；分句二 "the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product..."（that 定语从句）——两个分句各嵌一个定语从句；"of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution"——两层 of 介词短语嵌套（什么的产物）
主干（砍完留的）：The set has not remained stable, but the variety is the product of an interplay.
推出：语音系统不是静态遗产，而是生物变化 × 文化演化的复杂互动产物——正是 35 题选 C（a complex and dynamic system）的依据。
长难句精读（长难句中心 第57、58、59、60、61句——想深挖本篇句子再看，不看不影响做题）
第 4 步成果 · 逐题解题 + 防坑
32. Which aspect of the human speech sound does Damián Blasi's research focus on? [D. Its development]
解题：两处焦点句合成：段 1 末句 "diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds"（变化导致新音产生）；段 2 末句团队 "has found how and why this trend arose"（趋势如何、为何兴起）——研究的对象是语音随时间的发展变化。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AIts variety——"2,000 different sounds" 只是开场的背景引入，不是研究内容
- BIts distribution——"found in half the world's languages" 是新语音的现状描述，不是研究焦点
- CIts quantity——同 A，数字开场白是引子，研究从头到尾在讲"变化"
- D【正确答案】changes... led to new speech sounds + how and why this trend arose = 语音的发展
33. Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals? [C. Their jaws were not conveniently structured]
解题：锚第三段："the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned, making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth"——上下门牙对齐，下唇够不到上齿，结构上不便；后文 "our jaws changed to an overbite structure, making it easier" 反向印证：变的一直是颌部结构。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AThey had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth——原文说的是牙齿"对齐"（aligned），不是数量少
- BThey could not open and close their lips easily——张冠李戴：难点在下唇贴上齿的"位置关系"，不是嘴唇开合能力
- C【正确答案】aligned → hard to produce；overbite → easier：难易的分界就是颌部结构
- DTheir lower front teeth were not large enough——原文没说门牙"不够大"；第四段说颌骨"不用长那么大"是后话，混段陷阱
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about? [A. Supporting evidence for the research results]
解题：数第 5 段的动作："Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of 'f' and 'v' increasing remarkably"——关键词 confirmed（证实）：用独立的语言数据库分析，给前文"农业→咬合→语音变化"的结论提供佐证；"These sounds are still not found in many hunter-gatherer people today" 是反向补刀。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- A【正确答案】数据库分析 confirmed 研究结论 = 支持性证据
- BPotential application——段内只字未提语音研究怎么应用（如语音识别、语言教学）
- CA further explanation of the research methods——偷换：数据库分析本身就是"证据"，不是在解释研究方法怎么做
- DA reasonable doubt about the research process——方向反了：confirmed 是"证实"不是"质疑"，本段立场与全文一致
35. What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds? [C. It is a complex and dynamic system]
解题：锚末段引语两个要点：① "has not necessarily remained stable since the appearance of human beings"——不是一成不变（dynamic）；② "the huge variety of speech sounds that we find today is the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution"——多种因素复杂互动的产物（complex）。合成 = 复杂且动态的系统。
- 防踩坑 · 4 个错项逐个辨识
- AIt is key to effective communication——引语谈的是语音的"来源与稳定性"，没谈交流效率
- BIt contributes much to cultural diversity——因果颠倒：cultural evolution 是塑造语音的原因之一，不是语音对文化多样性作贡献
- C【正确答案】not stable（动态）+ complex interplay（复杂）= complex and dynamic system
- DIt drives the evolution of human beings——因果颠倒：生物演化影响语音，不是语音驱动人类演化
