第 2 周的演员是一个词(名词、动词、副词)或一个短语(介词短语、非谓语动词短语)。本周的演员升级了——一整句话。一整句话去演主语、宾语、定语、状语,就叫从句。
| 句子级演员 | 去演什么角色 | 一句话说清 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词性从句 | 主 / 宾 / 表 / 同位 | 整句话去当名词用。四种:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句——一个不多。 |
| 定语从句 | 定语 | 整句话去修饰一个名词。先有先行词,再有从句;分限定性与非限定性。 |
| 状语从句 | 状语 | 整句话去当状语。九类(时间/地点/原因/条件/目的/结果/让步/方式/程度)。 |
| 插入语 | 什么也不演 | 与主句结构无关的旁白,去掉后主句依然完整——它不是真正的从句。 |
| 类别 | 成员 | 干什么活 | 在从句中扮演角色吗 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ① 连词 | that / if / whether / because / although / as if… | 只连接 | 不扮演——从句本身主谓完整 |
| ② 关系代词 | what / which / who / whom / whose / that(关系代词时)/ as | 连接 + 扮演 | 扮演主 / 宾 / 表 / 定 |
| ③ 关系副词 | when / where / why / how | 连接 + 扮演 | 只扮演状语(时间 / 地点 / 原因 / 方式) |
| 块 | 页码 | 本周要解决的一问 |
|---|---|---|
| 一 · 连接词总论 | 第 2–3 页 | 三类怎么分?一个测试怎么解决所有分类? |
| 二 · 名词性从句 | 第 4–8 页 | 四类从句、连词 / 关系代词 / 关系副词各怎么带? |
| 三 · 定语从句 | 第 9–11 页 | 限定还是非限定?that 的五条铁律?as 与 which? |
| 四 · 状语句与收官 | 第 12–17 页 | 九类怎么排?多面词怎么认?插入语为什么不是从句? |
| 类别 | 比喻 | 含义 |
|---|---|---|
| 连词 | 颅骨缝(固定关节) | 连上就不参与活动——只连接,不扮演。把从句像一扇门一样挂到主句上。 |
| 关系代词 | 肘关节、膝关节(活动关节) | 既连接骨骼,又在运动中承力——连接 + 扮演主 / 宾 / 表 / 定。 |
| 关系副词 | 活动关节 | 同样连接 + 扮演,但它扮演的永远是状语——时间 / 地点 / 原因 / 方式。 |
| 例句 | 去掉连接词 | 结论 |
|---|---|---|
| I believe that you can do it. | you can do it 完整 ✓ | that 没扮演角色 → 连词 |
| I don't know if he will come. | he will come 完整 ✓ | if 没扮演角色 → 连词 |
| I know the man who won the prize. | won the prize 缺主语 ✗ | who 演主语 → 关系代词 |
| I remember the day when we first met. | we first met 主谓完整但缺状语 ✗ | when 演状语 → 关系副词 |
| 例句 | 去掉 that | 结论 |
|---|---|---|
| The news that he won surprised us. | he won 完整 ✓ | that 不扮演角色 → 连词 → 同位语从句 |
| The news that surprised us was true. | surprised us 缺主语 ✗ | that 演主语 → 关系代词 → 定语从句 |
| 从句 | 例句 | 整句话演什么角色 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语从句 | That he won is obvious. | 演主语(他赢了这件事很明显) |
| 宾语从句 | I believe that he is right. | 演 believe 的宾语 |
| 表语从句 | The fact is that he lied. | 演 is 的表语 |
| 同位语从句 | The news that he won surprised us. | 演 the news 的同位语(消息的内容) |
| 位置 | 例句 | 整句话演什么 |
|---|---|---|
| 主语从句 | That he won the prize is obvious. | 主语 |
| 宾语从句 | I believe that he won the prize. | 宾语 |
| 表语从句 | The truth is that he won the prize. | 表语 |
| 同位语从句 | The news that he won the prize surprised us. | 同位语 |
| 从句位置 | 能否省略 | 原因 |
|---|---|---|
| 宾语从句 | 可省 | I think (that) he is right. —— 去掉 that,主谓边界清楚 |
| 主语从句(it 形式主语) | 可省(口语) | It is obvious (that) he won. —— it 撑住句首,边界依然清楚 |
| 主语从句(句首) | 不能省 | That he won is obvious. —— 去掉 that 成 He won is obvious,两个主谓打架 |
| 表语从句 | 一般不省 | The fact is that he lied. —— 去掉 that 成 is he lied,像疑问句 |
| 同位语从句 | 一般不省 | The news that he won surprised us. —— 去掉 that 成 The news he won,被误读成定语从句 |
| 区别点 | whether | if | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ① 与 or not 紧贴 | ✓ | ✗ | I wonder whether he will come or not. |
| ② 从句提前到句首 | ✓ | ✗ | Whether he can help is unknown. |
| ③ 引导 to 不定式 | ✓ | ✗ | whether to do(不说 × if to do) |
| ④ 介词后作宾语 | ✓ | ✗ | I worry about whether I made the right choice. |
| ⑤ 引导主 / 表 / 同位语从句 | ✓ 均可 | ✗ | if 仅限宾语从句 |
| 关系代词 | 主语 | 宾语 | 表语 | 定语 | 能否省略 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| what | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| which | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| who | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | — | ✗ |
| whom | — | ✓ | — | — | ✗ |
| whose | — | — | — | ✓ | ✗ |
| 关系副词 | 从句中扮演角色 | 含义 | 能否省略 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | 时间状语 | 什么时间 / 何时 | ✗ |
| where | 地点状语 | 什么地方 / 哪里 | ✗ |
| why | 原因状语 | 什么原因 / 为什么 | ✗ |
| how | 方式状语 | 什么方式 / 怎么样 | ✗ |
| 特征 | 限定性 | 非限定性 |
|---|---|---|
| 逗号 | 无 | 有 |
| 用 that? | ✓ 可以 | ✗ 不能——只能用 which / who / whom / whose |
| 关系代词可否省略? | 演宾语时可省 | ✗ 不可省 |
| 去掉后 | 核心信息丢失 | 核心信息完整 |
| 连接词 | 修饰 | 从句中角色 | 可省略? | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| who | 人 | 主语 | ✗ | The man who won is my friend. |
| who | 人 | 宾语 | ✓(口语) | The man (who) I saw was kind. |
| whom | 人 | 宾语 | ✓ | The man (whom) I met was kind. |
| whose | 人 / 物 | 定语 | ✗ | The man whose car was stolen called police. |
| 关系副词 | 先行词 | 从句中角色 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| when | 时间名词 | 时间状语 | I remember the day when we first met. |
| where | 地点名词 | 地点状语 | This is the house where I grew up. |
| why | reason | 原因状语 | That's the reason why I was late. |
| 关系副词 | = 介词 + which | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| when | in / on / at / during which | The year when I was born = in which |
| where | in / at / to which | The house where I live = in which |
| why | for which | The reason why = for which |
| 位置 | as | which | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 句首 | ✓ | ✗ | As is known to all, he won the prize.(× Which is known to all…) |
| 句中 | ✓ | ✗ | — |
| 句尾 | ✓ | ✓ | He won the prize, as we expected. He won the prize, which surprised us. |
| 档 | 类别 | 连接词(连词) | 回答的问题 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 前 | ① 目的 | so that, in order that | 为了什么? |
| ② 条件 | if, unless, as long as, provided that | 什么条件下? | |
| ③ 原因 | because, since, as, now that, in that | 为什么? | |
| 中 | ④ 时间 | when, while, as, before, after, since, until | 什么时候? |
| ⑤ 让步 | although, though, even though, even if, as(倒装), no matter wh-, whether…or… | 尽管什么? | |
| ⑥ 地点 | where, wherever | 在哪里? | |
| ⑦ 方式 | as, as if, as though | 以什么方式? | |
| ⑧ 程度 | to the extent that, as / so far as | 到什么程度? | |
| ⑨ 比较 | as…as, the more…the more, than | 和什么比? | |
| 后 | ⑩ 结果 | so…that, such…that | 结果怎样? |
| — | ⑪ 伴随 | 无从句扮演 · 仅非谓语动词 | (伴随状态) |
| 连词 | 含义 | 注意 |
|---|---|---|
| if | 如果 | 最通用的条件 |
| unless | 除非 = if…not | 本身含否定,不再加 not |
| as long as | 只要 | 条件的最低门槛 |
| provided (that) | 只要 / 倘若 | 正式,常用于规定、协议 |
| on condition that | 条件是…… | 更正式,强调先满足条件 |
| 连词 | 语气 | 位置 | 用法 |
|---|---|---|---|
| because | 强 | 句首 / 句中 | 直接回答 Why,强调因果关系 |
| since | 中 | 句首 / 句中 | 「既然」——双方已知的原因 |
| as | 弱 | 句首 / 句中 | 「由于」——附带的原因(也出现在时间 / 方式 / 比较) |
| now that | 中弱 | 句首 / 句中 | 「既然」——新情况出现,因此…… |
| in that | 弱 | 句中 | 「在于 / 因为」——书面,限定范围 |
| 连词 | 含义 / 角色 | 坑 |
|---|---|---|
| when | 当……时(通用) | 最泛用。在名词性从句里是关系副词(扮演角色) |
| while | 当……时(持续) | 必须接持续动作(进行时 / 状态),不能接瞬间动作 |
| as | 当……时 / 随着 | 两个动作同时推进且变化。也出现在原因 / 方式 / 比较 |
| since | 自从……以来 | 主句用完成时。也出现在原因(= 因为) |
| before | 在……之前 | 主句先发生 |
| after | 在……之后 | 从句先发生 |
| until / till | 直到……为止 | not…until = 直到……才 |
| 连词 | 含义 | 语气 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| although / though | 虽然 | 最标准,放句首;though 还可放句末(I enjoyed it, though.) |
| even though | 即使 / 尽管 | 语气强于 although,说已发生的事 |
| even if | 即使 / 哪怕 | 强调假设情况(还没发生) |
| as(倒装) | 虽然 / 尽管 | 让步考点之王——必须倒装 |
| no matter + wh- | 无论…… | = whatever / wherever / whenever / however |
| whether…or… | 不管……还是…… | Whether you like it or not, … |
| 倒装形式 | 例句 | 译法 |
|---|---|---|
| ① 表语提前 | Tired as he was, he kept working. | 虽然他很累,还是继续工作。 |
| ② 状语提前 | Much as I like it, I can't afford it. | 虽然我很喜欢,买不起。 |
| ③ 动词原形提前 | Try as he might, he couldn't open it. | 虽然他怎么试,都打不开。 |
| 连词 | 含义 | 语气 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| as | 按照……方式 | 正常 | Do as I told you. 照我说的做。 |
| as if | 好像…… | 虚拟 / 真实 | He acts as if he knew everything. |
| as though | 好像…… | 虚拟 | = as if,正式度略高 |
| 身份 | 从句类型 | 扮演角色? | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 指示代词 | — | 不需要从句 | That is my book. |
| 连词 | 名词性从句 | 否 | I know that he is right. |
| 连词 | 同位语从句 | 否 | The news that he won… |
| 关系代词 | 定语从句 | 主 / 宾 | The book that I read… |
| 强调句 | 强调句型 | 特殊 | It is Tom that helped us. |
| 身份 | 含义 | 扮演? | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 连词 · 时间 | 当……时 | 否 | As I walked, I saw her. |
| 连词 · 原因 | 因为 | 否 | As it rained, we stayed. |
| 连词 · 方式 | 按照 | 否 | Do as I told you. |
| 连词 · 让步 | 虽然 | 否 | Young as he is, he knows a lot.(倒装) |
| 关系代词 | 正如 | 主 / 宾 | As we expected, he failed. |
| 介词 | 作为 | — | He works as a teacher. |
| 固定搭配 | as…as / such as / as if | — | as soon as possible |
| 场景 | whether | if |
|---|---|---|
| 宾语从句 | ✓ | ✓ |
| 主语 / 表语 / 同位语从句 | ✓ | ✗ |
| 介词后 | ✓ | ✗ |
| 不定式前 | ✓ whether to do | ✗ |
| 与 or not 紧贴 | ✓ | ✗ |
| 类型 | 形式 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 词 | 副词 / 形容词 | Frankly, I don't care. Surprising, he agreed. |
| 短语 | 介词短语 / 不定式 / 分词短语 | To be honest, I don't know. In my opinion, this is wrong. |
| 句子 | 从句 / 完整句 | He, I think, is right. As we know, the earth is round. |
| 插入语 | 本质 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| I think | 省略了 that 的宾语从句的主句 | He, I think, is right. = I think (that) he is right. |
| you know | 省略了 that 的宾语从句的主句 | This, you know, is hard. = You know (that) this is hard. |
| as we know | as 关系代词从句 | He, as we know, is kind. |
| I believe | 省略了 that 的宾语从句的主句 | It, I believe, is true. = I believe (that) it is true. |
陷阱一 · 以为 that 永远是连词。The news that he won(连词 → 同位语从句)与 The news that surprised us(关系代词 → 定语从句)只差一个「去掉后完不完整」。
陷阱二 · what 闯进定语从句。what = the thing that,自带先行词,定语从句里一律不用 what。
陷阱三 · who 只记主宾、漏掉表语。I don't know who he is —— who 在从句里演的是 is 的表语,不是主语。
陷阱四 · 非限定性从句里用了 that。有逗号就不能用 that;非限定性的关系代词也一律不能省。
陷阱五 · 把 while / whereas 当让步。while 是对比(A 这样、B 那样),不是「虽然……但是」;让步是主句走向相反方向。
陷阱六 · 把 as 一律译成「正如」。as 有四种身份;只有关系代词的 as 才译「正如」,连词 as 分别译当 / 因为 / 按照 / 虽然。
陷阱七 · 把插入语当从句分析。插入语不演任何角色——先做删除测试,再决定要不要分析它。
连词 练习册第 7–8 页(第四组),原题号 1–19。
从句 练习册第 9–13 页(第五组),原题号 1–50。