上周 X 轴解决了「有几个角色、每个角色是什么?」。本周 Y 轴解决「每个角色可以由哪几位演员扮演」。
总口诀:X 定角色与位置,Y 定演员,Z 定演员穿什么服装。本周只讲 Y,不碰 Z。
| 演员 | 单位 | 能演哪些角色 | 一句话判据 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 助动词 | 词 | 不单独扮演角色——它是实义动词的助理 | 它是谓语的一部分,不是句子成分;看它后面跟的是分词还是名词 |
| 系动词 | 词 | 只能带着表语扮演谓语 | 后面能直接跟形容词 → 系动词;跟方式副词(-ly)→ 实义动词 |
| 非谓语动词 | 词/短语 | 主语 · 宾语 · 表语 · 补语 · 定语 · 状语(六个) | 先找谓语;剩下的动词看它站在哪个位置 |
| 副词 | 词 | 状语(主业)· 定语 · 表语 · 补语 | 看它回答什么问题、贴着谁;修饰名词就是定语 |
| 介词短语 | 短语 | 表语 · 状语 · 后置定语(只有三种) | 看它贴着谁:贴 be → 表语;贴动词 → 状语;贴名词 → 定语 |
| 独立结构 | 短语 | 状语(只此一个) | 这个动作的发出者不是主句主语 → 独立结构 |
助动词:实义动词的助理。
系动词:只能带着表语扮演谓语。
非谓语动词:本周主角,六个角色全能演(第 6–12 页)。
副词:修饰语之王,十大类(第 13–14 页)。
介词短语:虚词升级成短语才能上场,只有三种角色(第 15 页)。
独立结构:自带主语的状语,只演状语(第 16 页)。
| 工位 | 构成 | 作用 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 进行体 | be + doing | 正在发生 | He is reading a book now. |
| 被动语态 | be + done | 被施加 | The window was broken by Tom. |
| 完成进行 | have been + doing | 一直在做 | She has been waiting for two hours. |
| 工位 | 构成 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 疑问 | Do / Does / Did + 主语 + 动词原形 | Do you know his address? Did he come? |
| 否定 | do / does / did + not + 动词原形 | I don't know. He didn't come. |
| 强调 | do / does / did + 动词原形(须重读) | I do like it.(我确实喜欢) He did come.(他确实来了) |
| 替代 | do / does / did 代替前面出现过的谓语 | — I like it. — So do I. He runs faster than I do. |
| 语气 | 成员 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 能力 | can / could / be able to | She can speak French. |
| 许可 | may / might / can | May I come in? |
| 义务 | must / should / ought to | You must be here by eight. |
| 意愿 | will / would / shall | I will help you. |
| 推测 | must(一定)/ may(可能)/ might(或许)/ can't(不可能) | He must be tired. It can't be true. |
| 类别 | 成员 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 状态 (be 类) | be (am/is/are/was/were), seem, appear, prove | 是/似乎是 | He is a teacher. She seems happy. His advice proved useful. |
| 感官 | look, sound, smell, taste, feel | 看/听/闻/尝/感觉起来 | The soup tastes good. The music sounds beautiful. The cloth feels smooth. |
| 状态变化 | become, get, turn, grow, go, come, fall | 变得 | He became famous. The milk went sour. Her face turned red. My dream came true. |
| 保持 | remain, stay, keep, continue, stand, lie | 仍然是 | He remained silent. The shop stays open. Keep quiet. |
| 由谁演 | 例句 | 本周归属 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词 | He is a teacher. She became a doctor. | 名词作表语(平台上) |
| 形容词 | She is kind. He looks tired. | 形容词作表语(平台上) |
| 副词 | Class is over. He is out. The light is on. | 本周演员四:少数方位副词 |
| 介词短语 | The book is on the desk. He is in danger. | 本周演员五 |
| 非谓语动词 | My job is teaching. His aim is to win. He looks tired. | 本周演员三 |
| 从句 | The fact is that he lied. That is why he left. | 第 3 周 |
| 角色 | 在句中的位置 | 例句(下划线 = 动词在演的角色) |
|---|---|---|
| 主语 | 句首、谓语之前;或用 it 作形式主语 | To swim here is dangerous. Swimming is fun. Getting enough sleep will improve your alertness. |
| 宾语 | 及物动词之后,或介词之后 | I want to go. He enjoys reading. He insisted on being isolated. He risked losing his own life. |
| 表语 | 系动词之后 | My job is teaching. His aim is to win. He looks tired. |
| 补语 | 宾语之后,补充说明它;被动后成主补 | I saw him enter the room. I had my bike repaired. What he said made us astonished. He was seen to enter the room. |
| 定语 | 名词之前或之后,没有逗号 | the girl standing there the meeting to be held tomorrow a collapsed economy a room to live in |
| 状语 | 句首或句末,常有逗号 | Seen from the hill, the town looks small. To win, we must work harder. He ran out, leaving us wondering. |
| 形态 | 主动 | 被动 | 与谓语的时间关系 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 不定式 | to do | to be done | 后于谓语(目的、将来) |
| to have done | to have been done | 先于谓语 | |
| 动名词 现在分词 | doing | being done | 与谓语同时 |
| having done | having been done | 先于谓语 | |
| 过去分词 | —— | done | 一种形态走天下:既表被动,又表完成 |
| 接法 | 成员 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 只接 to do | want, hope, decide, refuse, promise, agree, manage, plan, expect, offer, fail, attempt;以及 名词 way / chance / decision / attempt / plan / opportunity 之后 | I want to go. in his attempt to climb the mountain the way to get enough money |
| 只接 doing | enjoy, finish, mind, risk, suggest, avoid, practise, consider, delay, imagine, admit, deny, escape, miss, keep | He enjoys reading. He risked losing his own life. |
| 两者皆可 但意思变 | remember / forget / regret(to do 未做 vs doing 已做);stop(to do 停下去做 vs doing 停止做);try(to do 努力 vs doing 试试看);mean(to do 打算 vs doing 意味着);go on;need / want / require(doing 主动表被动) | Remember to lock the door.(别忘了去锁) I remember locking it.(记得锁过了) |
| 形态 | 判断(它和谓语的关系) | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| to do | 宾补的行为发生在谓语动词行为之后 | I asked him to help me.(先「请」,后「帮」) I permitted him to come in.(先「允许」,后「进来」) |
| doing | 宾补的行为与谓语动词同时发生 | I saw him reading.(「看见」的时候他「正在读」) |
| done | 宾补的行为是被动的(可能表完成,也可能不表完成) | I had my hair cut.(头发被剪——表完成) You should get it done.(被动——不表完成) |
① 感官动词与使役动词——make / let / have / see / watch / hear / feel / notice,在主动语态的句子里接 sb. do(省略 to):Tom made me trust him.
② 但在被动句中,to 要还原:I was made to trust Tom. He was seen to enter the room.
③ ask 类动词(hope, want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade)后面接 sb. to do sth.,不省 to。
④ help 例外:help sb. (to) do sth.——可省 to,也可不省。
| 谁上场 | 扮演前置定语(贴在名词前) | 扮演后置定语(贴在名词后) |
|---|---|---|
| 不定式 to do | ✗ 不能前置 | ✓ 只能是后置定语:I have a meeting to attend. He found a good place to go. It's time to go. |
| 动名词 doing | ✓ 只能是前置定语,表被修饰对象的功能:swimming pool 游泳池 walking stick 拐杖 | ✗ 不能后置 |
| 现在分词 doing | ✓ 表被修饰对象的性质或状态:developing country 发展中国家 a swimming boy 会游泳的男孩 | ✓ 表状态;且动作由被修饰的名词发出:the boy sitting there(sitting 由 boy 发出) the house being built now(正在被建) |
| 过去分词 done | ✓ 表修饰对象的性质,含完成(及物也含被动):developed country 发达国家 a given chance 被给的机会 | ✓ 表被动,也表完成:those selected as members 被选为成员的他们 the meeting held yesterday |
| 与谓语的时间关系 | 主语主动(主语发出) | 主语被动(主语承受) |
|---|---|---|
| 在谓语之前 (已经发生) | having done Having finished his homework, he went out. | having been done Having been shown several times, Mary still has no idea. |
| 与谓语同时 (正在进行) | doing Hearing the news, they jumped with joy. | being done Being repaired, the car can't be used now. |
| 在谓语之后 (还没发生) | to do To win, we must work harder. | to be done To be continued … |
| 不强调时间 | —(此格空缺) | done Built from light-weight materials, the robots are small. 只锁被动,时间自由——条件、原因、让步、伴随、时间都能演 |
| 行为之前 | 行为之中 | 行为结束后 |
|---|---|---|
| 目的 · 原因 · 条件 · 让步 | 时间 · 方式 · 伴随 | 结果 |
| 门类 | 例句 | 怎么看出来 |
|---|---|---|
| 目的 | He worked day and night to get the money. | 回答 why(为了什么);不定式扮演状语,最常见就是目的 |
| 结果 | He arrived late, only to find the train had gone. | 常带 only;结果往往与预期愿望相反 |
| 原因 | Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk. | 回答 why;用完成式,说明「完成作业」在「出去」之前 |
| 时间 | (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. | 可补出连词 while / when,与主句动作同时 |
| 条件 | (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. | 可补出连词 if;主句常用将来时 |
| 让步 | Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. | 可补出连词 though / although;前后意思转折 |
| 伴随 | He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. | 与主句动作同时发生的另一件事,可换成 and 并列 |
| 方式 | The old man came in, supporting himself with a stick. | 回答 how(怎么进来的) |
| 角色 | 能演吗 | 说明 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 状语 | ✓ 主业 | 修饰动词、形容词、另一个副词、整个句子 | He drives carefully. She speaks very fast. Fortunately, he arrived on time. |
| 定语 | ✓ 有限 | 只有时间与空间副词能演,且一律后置;少数可加 's 或前置(then) | the students here the meeting yesterday the way out yesterday's meeting the then president |
| 表语 | ✓ 有限 | 只有少数方位副词,放在系动词后表示「状态/位置」 | Class is over. He is out. The light is on. The meeting is off. |
| 补语 | ✓ 有限 | 同样是方位副词,放在宾语后说明它的去向或状态 | I saw him out. Keep the light on. Let me in. I found him upstairs. |
| 主语 | ✗ | 副词不能演名词性成分 | —— |
| 宾语 | ✗ | 同理;from here 里 here 是介词的宾语,不是动词宾语 | —— |
| 类别 | 回答什么 | 成员词 | 典型位置 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 时间 | when 何时 | now, then, today, yesterday, tomorrow, soon, already, yet, still, just, recently, lately, finally, eventually, afterwards, ago, before, since, immediately | 句末或句首;already / just 常居中,yet 常句末 | I've already finished. Have you finished yet? He came three days ago. |
| 空间 | where 何地/方向 | here, there, everywhere, somewhere, anywhere, nowhere, upstairs, downstairs, inside, outside, above, below, nearby, abroad, overseas, ahead, behind, around | 句末;here / there 在句首且主语是名词时要全倒装 | Put it there. Here comes the bus. He has gone abroad. |
| 方式 | how 怎么样 | carefully, slowly, quickly, well, badly, hard, fast, quietly, politely, suddenly, gently, bravely, deliberately, happily | 动词之后或句末 | He drives carefully. She speaks English well. |
| 程度 | how much 到什么程度 | very, quite, rather, fairly, pretty, extremely, almost, nearly, hardly, scarcely, too, so, deeply, entirely, completely, merely, partly | 紧贴被修饰词,且在它前面(enough 例外,后置) | very good almost finished good enough |
| 频率 | how often 多久一次 | always, usually, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, never, constantly, repeatedly | 实义动词前、be 后、第一个助动词后 | He often goes there. She is always late. He has never been there. |
| 语气 (评注) | 说话人什么态度 | certainly, surely, perhaps, maybe, probably, possibly, obviously, fortunately, luckily, honestly, frankly, actually, indeed, hopefully | 句首(后加逗号),修饰整个句子 | Fortunately, he arrived on time. Frankly, I don't agree. |
| 结果 | 程度到产生后果 | so(如此/所以)、too(太)、enough(足够) | so / too 在形容词前;enough 在被修饰词后 | He is so tired that he can't stand. The box is too heavy to lift. old enough to go |
| 疑问 (关系) | 就什么提问 | when, where, why, how;引导从句时叫连接副词/关系副词(第 3 周) | 句首(疑问句);从句中位于从句首 | Where are you going? I don't know where he went. |
| 连接 | 句与句什么关系 | however, therefore, thus, hence, besides, moreover, meanwhile, otherwise, nevertheless, instead, still, anyway | 句首,后面必须有逗号(它是副词不是连词) | He was tired; however, he kept working. It rained; therefore, we stayed in. |
| 焦点 (范围) | 锁定哪一部分 | only, also, too, even, just, merely, especially, mainly, particularly, alone, exactly | 紧贴它要锁定的那个词——位置一改,意思就变 | Only he loves her.(只有他) He loves only her.(只爱她) |
| 形式 | 构成 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| 名词/代词 + 副词 | 名 + adv. | The class over, the students went home. |
| 名词/代词 + 形容词 | 名 + adj. | He lay on the bed, his eyes open. |
| 名词/代词 + 介词短语 | 名 + prep. phr. | The old man stood under a big tree, pipe in mouth. |
| 名词/代词 + 非谓语动词 | 名 + doing / done / to do | Time permitting, we will go out. There being no bus, we had to walk. It being Sunday, the shop was closed. |
| with 复合结构 | with + 名 + 补足语 | With all factors considered, this program may be the best. |
陷阱一 · be 是助动词还是系动词:看后面跟什么——跟 doing / done 是助动词,跟名词/形容词是系动词。
陷阱二 · to 是介词还是不定式符号:看 to 后面接什么——to doing 是介词,to do 是不定式。
陷阱三 · 分词扮演状语时,主语必须和主句主语一致:不一致就改成独立结构;或者换一个能发出该动作的主句主语。
陷阱四 · being done / done / having been done 只差在时间:同时被动 → being done;只表被动不表先后 → done;先于谓语的被动 → having been done。
陷阱五 · -ing 不等于「主动进行」:也可能是动名词作主语、宾语。先定角色,再定形式。
陷阱六 · 介词后面接动词,一律用 doing:包括 to 作介词时(look forward to hearing)。
陷阱七 · only 的位置决定它修饰谁;enough 必须后置:Only he loves her(只有他)vs He loves only her(只爱她);old enough。
非谓语动词 练习册第 2–6 页,原题号 1–37。
独立结构 练习册第 6–7 页,原题号 ①–⑩。